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Table 3 Cytokines, growth factors, chemokines and chemokine receptors on Alzheimer’s disease patients after in vitro stimulation

From: Immunosenescence, inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease

 

Stimulated vs. unstimulated AD patients

Reference

Cytokines

  

 IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1ra

Increase

[63]

 IFN-γ

Increase

[63]

  

[82]

 IL-10

Decrease

[77]

 

Increase

[63]

Growth factors

  

 GM-CSF,G-CSF

Increase

[63]

Chemokines

  

 Eotaxin,MIP-1β

Increase

[63]

 RANTES

Increase

[89]

 MIP-1α

No change

[63]

Chemokine receptors

  

 CCR2 and CCR5 on T cells

Increase

[63]

 CR5on B cells

Increase

[63]

  1. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-1ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein.